Abstract
The onto-epistemological status of mental representations can be seen among the most
controversial problems of Post-Avicennan philosophy. The problem has its roots in Ibn Sīnā’s attempt to get a
predicational unity between the layers of being on one hand and in Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s criticisms of mental
existence and universality of mental exemplars on the other. Al-Rāzī’s criticisms led the prominent followers
of Ibn Sīnā to reconsider the Avicennan principle of the preservation of essences in multi-layered being and
Ibn Sīnā’s conception of knowledge as an immaterial representation of nature. Against al-Rāzī’s criticism, al-
Ṭūsī tried to narrow the ontological extension of essences and to redefine universal predication. Quṭb al-Dīn
al-Rāzī’s involvement in the discussion took the restrictive efforts to the next level. In addition to al-Ṭūsī‘s
restricting the ontological extensions of essences by only giving them an epistemological role, Quṭb al-Dīn
al-Rāzī downgraded their epistemological roles as well and counted them just as individual exemplars (mithāl)
in the individual’s mind. In addition to al-Ṭūsī’s hesitant rejection of universal natures in external world,
he also clearly rejected the existence of universal natures in the external world. His first position led him to
redefine the notion of correspondence and universality, and his second position led him to propose a non-
explanatory interpretation of Ibn Sīnā’s hylomorphic substances. In this paper, I will discuss the continuities
and discontinuities of his interpretations with respect to Ibn Sīnā’s strong metaphysical realism and his
philosophical project’s aim to construct the unity of essences in a multi-layered being.
Keywords
Avicenna Post-Avicennan Philosophy Metaphysical Realism Problem of Universals Ontology of Universals Representation Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī Quṭb al-Dīn al-Rāzī al-TaḥtānīShare
Details
- Authors: İbrahim Halil Üçer, Istanbul Medeniyet University
- DOI: dx.doi.org/10.12658/Nazariyat.6.2.M0116en
- Year: 2020 (November) / Volume: 6 / Issue: 2
- Page: 23-68
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